12/6/2023 0 Comments Typ o blood has antibodies![]() ![]() The functions of natural anti-A and anti-B antibodies are the cornerstone. We exhaustively analyzed the role of A, B, AB, and O antigens in the disease and its molecular aspects. Therefore, we summarized the underlying pathophysiology of ABO blood groups and COVID-19. ![]() However, no studies have specifically and directly deepened our understanding of the implications of ABO blood groups and their possible implications in developing future therapeutic strategies. Several studies have focused on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the host cell receptor ( 23), S protein of the virus ( 24), and antigens or antibodies of the ABO system ( 25). Despite many descriptive studies on this tendency, few studies have focused on the implicated molecular mechanisms. Currently, as multiple studies have reported ( 17– 22), it seems clear that the A blood group is associated with more susceptibility and severe symptoms in COVID-19, while the O blood group shows protection against viral infection. Similarly, a possible implication of the ABO blood group was formulated ( 15, 16). Some routine biomarkers ( 12) and specific cytokines ( 13, 14) have also been proposed. Old age ( 9), male ( 10), and comorbidities, such as hypertension ( 11), were related to severity. Many studies identified multiple risk factors during the first wave to identify and treat susceptible patients early ( 6– 8). Although vaccines are being encouraged to hinder the spread of this pandemic ( 4, 5), the pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is not well understood. Furthermore, it could represent an opportunity for new therapeutic strategies.Īt 2 years since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic ( 1, 2), people worldwide continue to suffer deaths and important changes in their lifestyles ( 3). A better understanding of the role of the molecular mechanism of ABO blood groups in COVID-19 facilitates better prognostic stratification of the disease. Moreover, older adults are associated with a higher risk of bad outcomes due to the lack of antibodies and the upregulation of ACE2 expression during senescence. Indeed, the titers of natural antibodies and the IgG isotype (specific to the O blood group) may be determinants of susceptibility and severity. They are capable of interfering with the S protein (SARS-CoV-2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2 host cell receptor), thereby conferring protection to patients with sufficient antibodies (O blood group). In this case, the cornerstone is natural anti-A and anti-B antibodies from the ABO system. A or B antigens are not associated with a different risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection than that of other antigens. In this review, we summarize the underlying pathophysiology of ABO blood groups and COVID-19 to explain the molecular aspects behind the protective mechanism in the O blood group. It has now been established that the A blood group is associated with more susceptibility and severe symptoms of COVID-19, while the O blood group shows protection against viral infection. The implication of the ABO blood group in COVID-19 disease was formulated early, at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic more than 2 years ago. 5Intensive Care Service, Hospital Universitario Sanchinarro, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.4Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.3Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine, Valladolid, Spain 1Haematology and Hemotherapy Service, University Clinical Hospital, Valladolid, Spain. ![]() Álvaro Tamayo-Velasco 1,2,3 * María Jesús Peñarrubia-Ponce 1 Francisco Javier Álvarez 2,4 Ignacio de la Fuente 1 Sonia Pérez-González 1 David Andaluz-Ojeda 5
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